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This is the most common suffix used to makes nouns from verb. This makes nouns denoting place of the action This is affixed to nouns to form feminine concept/abstract nouns mostly to do with association e.g پیژند ګلوي, پلار ګلوي etc This is affixed to adjectives (including verbal adjectives) to show a state of being Suffix that forms nouns and adjectives that mean possessing a quality or objectĪn adjective forming suffix to show endowment/possession. Becomes "yiz" if preceded by a vowel e.g. This is affixed to noun to make adjectives.Ī suffix also used to create nouns of profession.Īdjectival suffix. This is affixed to nouns and adjectives to form feminine concept/abstract nouns. This is affixed to nouns and adjectives to form masculine concept/abstract nouns. Here is a list of the most common ones: Prefix When prefixed with the word it is equivalent to the English "bi"Īṛx= side, xíz = adjective forming suffix
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When prefixed with the word it is equivalent to the English "multi" When prefixed with the word it is equivalent to the English "co and homo" When prefixed to words it is equivalent to English "re" When prefixed to words it is equivalent to the English "dis, less" etc Here is a list of the most common ones: PrefixĪ negative prefix to nouns or particles having the same meaning as English "un, in, dis, non" etc These are attached at the beginning of words. An affix is an addition to the base form or stem of a word in order to modify its meaning or create a new word. Class 2 has the same stress alternation, but has three distinct stems, with stressed stem vowel 'o' or 'u' in masculine singular Direct, Oblique II and Vocative, unstressed stem vowel 'ā' in masculine singular Oblique I and plural Direct, and unstressed stem vowel 'a' in all other forms (e.g. Class 3 has a basic distinction between the masculine singular Direct, Oblique II and Vocative, with stem stress, and all other forms, with a (sometimes) different stem and with ending stress (e.g. Classes 2 and 3 have stem and stress alternations among different cases.For feminine adjectives, singular Oblique I and Vocative merge, while singular Direct and Oblique II merge combined with mergers noted previously, there can be at most three distinct forms for feminine adjectives.The above two conditions mean that there can be at most five distinct forms for masculine adjectives (but in fact, no class distinguishes more than four).Singular Oblique I and plural Direct always merge into a single form.In the plural, both obliques and the vocative merge into a single form.
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The adjectives or stāynūmūna agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. AdjectivesĪn adjective is called stāynūm in Pashto. Likewise, it may be contraindicated by use of the word for "one", يو as in "يو روغتون" - "a hospital". But when necessary, definiteness may be indicated by other means such as demonstratives. There are two numbers: singular and plural. There are two genders: masculine and feminine. The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun ورځ ( wradz, meaning "day"): The following table shows the declension of ښځه ( ṣ̌ədza, meaning "woman"), a feminine noun with ending "a": The following table shows the declension of سړی ( saṛai, meaning "man"), a masculine noun with ending "ai": The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun غر ( ğar, meaning "mountain"): The oblique I case is used as prepositional case as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs, and the oblique II case is used as ablative case. Pashto inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. Pashto has a rich number of dialects due to which the language has been spelled several ways in English: Pashto, Pakhto, Pukhto. The dialects show some non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms that are discarded by the literary language. In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an ergative language i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present subjunctive simple past past progressive present perfect and past perfect. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (masc./fem.), number (sing./plur.), and case (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). Pashto is a S-O-V language with split ergativity.